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出口业务中的6种风险
www.jspwl.net  2007/8/30 11:00:00    阅读次数:2210  

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近年来,进出口业务中的风险帐甚至坏帐不断增加,不仅造成利息损失,而且随着时间的推移,风险系数随之增大,这给外贸企业的持续发展带来严重影响。因此,风险问题越来越成为人们关心的话题。笔者根据几年来进出口工作实践,就业务中可能出现的风险问题作一粗浅分析。.

 一般情况下,出口收汇风险主要有以下六种情况:

  (一)、出货规格、日期与合同规定不符造成收汇风险。

  出口方未按合同或信用证规定交货,一是生产厂误工,造成晚交货;二是用类似规格的产品代替合同规定的产品;三是成交价格低,以次充好。 

  (二)、单证质量差造成收汇风险。

  虽然规定了以信用证方式结汇,并且按时保质出货,但出货之后,交议付行的单据没有做到单单相符、单证相符,使信用证推动了应有的保护作用。这时即便买方同意付款,却白白支付了昂贵的国际通讯费用和不符点扣款,且收汇时间大大推迟,尤其对数额较小的合同,七扣八折下来会出现亏损。

  (三)、信用证规定的陷井条款所造成的风险。

  某些信用证规定,客检合格证是议付的主要单据之一。买方会抓住卖方急于出货的心理,故意挑剔,但同时提出种种付款的可能,诱使企业出货。一旦放货给了买方,买方极可能故意验货不符,拖延付款,甚至钱、货两空。信用证规定运输单据出具后7个工作日内在国外到期等等。这类条款议付行及受益人都无法保证做到,必须认真审证。一旦出现陷井条款,应及时通知修改,千万勿贪一时省事,给日后埋下风险隐患。

  (四)、没有一套完整的业务管理制度。

  出口工作涉及方方面面,且两头在外,易出现问题。如果企业没有完整的业务管理办法, 一旦出现官司,会造成有理打不赢的局面,尤其对那些只注重电话联系的企业。其次,由于每年企业的客源在扩大,为了企业在贸易中有的放矢,必然要对每一个客户建立业务档案,包括资信度、贸易量等等,逐年进行筛选,降低业务风险。

  (五)、与代理制相悖操作造成的风险。

  对出口业务来讲,代理制的真正做法是代理方不向委托方垫付资金,盈亏由委托方承担,代理方仅收取一定的代理费用。而现在实际业务操作中,不是这样。其原因一是自己本身客户少,收汇能力差,又要力争完成指标;二是想多盈利,嫌代理费少。

  (六)、使用D/P、D/A远期付款方式或寄售方式造成的风险。

  延期付款方式是一种远期商业付款方式,如出口方接受了这种方式就等于给进口商融资优惠,虽然开证人自愿支付延期的利息,表面上仅需出口商垫款、放款,实质上是客户等待货物到港后查验到货的数量。如市场变化销路不畅,进口商可申请银行拒付。有些公司放货给国外做生意的同学、朋友。以为是关系客户,不存在收不了汇的问题。一旦出现市场销售不畅,或客户问题,不但钱收不回,货也可能收不回。

 
   
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