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如何推进物流的系统化
www.jspwl.net  2007/8/31 9:59:00    阅读次数:2186  

    物流网广告

 物流系统是物流逻辑的产物

  目的在于追求部门最佳效益,道理本来十分浅显,但由于认识不足就引起了许多问题。

  物流系统是以尽可能低廉的价格,提供尽可能优良服务的机制。这里,这种"尽可能优良的物流服务",正是物流系统化的前提条件。即在物流服务水平决定之后,物流的方式也会随之改变。

  因此,一个企业在决定所希望达到的物流服务水平之后,为此目的而进行的物流系统化必须在整个公司取得共识,因此物流系统化的关键是确定物流服务水平。

  物流服务与物流成本之间的关系

  不仅物流各部门和各功能之间存在"效益背反",物流成本与物流服务之间也存在"效益背反"。

  (1)一般来说,提高物流服务,物流成本即上升,成本与服务之间受"收获递减法则"的支配。物流服务如处于低水平阶段,追加成本X,物流服务即可上升为Y;如处于高水平阶段,同样追加X,则服务水平只能上升至Y。

  (2)处于高水平的物流服务时,成本增加而物流服务水平不能按比例地相应提高。与处于竞争状态的其它企业相比,在处于相当高的服务水平的情况下,想要超过竞争对手,提出并维持更高的服务标准就需要有更多的投入,所以一个企业在作出这种决定时必须慎重。

  众所周知,1965年--1974年,一般认为物流只是一种降低成本的手段。然而1973年石油危机以后,人们在认识上发生了变化,作为经营管理一环的物流管理,必须首先设定作为物流目的的必要而充分的物流服务水平,然后再以较低的成本构筑物流系统进行运作。

  美国市场权威P.科特勒提出"物流目的必须引进投入与产出的系统效率概念,才能得出较好的定义。"决策层虽然可以提出降低物流成本的要求,但这时必须认真考虑物流成本下降与物流服务之间的关系。

  一般说来物流服务与成本的关系有下述四个方面:

  (1)在物流服务不变的前提下考虑降低成本。不改变物流服务水平,通过改变物流系统来降低物流成本,这是一种尽量降低成本来维持一定服务水平的办法,亦即追求效益的办法。

  (2)为提高物流服务,不惜增加物流成本。这是许多企业提高物流服务的作法,是企业在特定顾客或其特定商品面临竞争时,所采取的具有战略意义的作法。

  (3)积极的物流成本对策,即在成本不变的前提下提高服务水平。在给定成本的条件下提高服务质量。这是一种追求效益的办法,也是一种有效地利用物流成本性能的办法。
  
  (4)用较低的物流成本,实现较高的物流服务。这是增加销售、增加效益,具有战略意义的办法。

  以上办法,企业究竟如何选择,应通盘考虑下述各方面的情况后再作决定。

  通盘考虑商品战略和地区销售战略;通盘考虑流通战略和竞争对手;通盘考虑物流成本、物流系统所处的环境,以及物流系统负责人所采用的方针等等。
 

 
   
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