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单证:慎用D/P60天付款方式
www.jspwl.net  2007/9/1 11:14:00    阅读次数:1949  

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 在国际贸易中,信用证付款是采用得最多的一种付款方式。因为信用证付款方式属于一种银行信用,即:只要出口公司交给银行议付的出口单据符合信用证的要求,付款银行就要向出口公司支付货款。如果出口公司交给银行议付的出口单据不符合信用证的要求,付款银行则予以拒付。银行处于较为公正的立场,不受进出口任何一方左右。相比之下,D/P付款(即:付款交单)、D/A付款(即:承兑交单)等付款方式采用得较少。主要由于这两种付款方式属于商业信用,即出口公司能否收到货款,完全取决于进口商的信用。进口商能否按时、按质、按量收到货物也取决于出口商的信用。对于信用好的进口商,一般不会出现不付货款的现象,遇到信用差的进口商,常常发生拖欠或拒付货款现象。因此,这两种付款方式多用于信誉比较好的进出口商。

 上述D/P付款和D/A付款方式,通常都是出口方按照销售合同装运货物后,将出口装运单据交由银行向进口方托收货款。在D/P付款情况下,进口方须先行支付货款,才能从托收银行取得装运单据,以此向承运人办理提货手续。在D/A付款情况下,进口方只要签字承兑,确认在一定期限(如:30天、45天、60天等)内支付货款,就可从托收银行取走出口装运单据,以此向承运人办理提货手续。由此可见,在D/P付款方式下,进口方取得出口装运单据是以支付货款为前提,而D/A付款方式下,进口方取得出口装运单据是以签字承兑为前提。

  近年来,国内多家公司投诉反映,他们对印度出口后收不到货款。这些公司在对印贸易中采用的是D/P60天付款方式。有的公司称,印度进口商到期以各种借口不付款赎单,致使货物运抵印度港口后无人提货,产生大量仓储费、港口费以及罚款等。无奈之下,通过银行向印度银行追要托收单据。虽然该公司最终收到了印度银行退回的托收单据,但是不久,该公司也收到了货物因在港口滞留时间过长,已被港口拍卖的消息。有的公司称印度进口商到期不付款,不提货,致使货物到达印度港口后长期压港,产生高额的费用,只能眼看货物因压港时间过长被印度港口拍卖,造成货款两空。还有的公司称印度托收银行把D/P60天当作D/A60天对待,在未收到货款情况下就把装运单据交给了印度进口商。虽然付款期限早已过去,但仍未收到任何货款。

  印度港口规定,凡是进口货物,到港后三个月无人提货,港口只需获得进口方认可,无需征得出口方同意,即可将货物拍卖。印方规定,如果办理货物退运手续,出口方代理可以凭进口商(提单上的收货人)出具的无异议证明信(NO OBJECTION CERTIFICATE)去海关办理退运手续。虽然货物可以退运,听起来退货手续也并不复杂,但是真正办起来并非容易。如果进口商不出具无异议证明信,退运手续则难以办成。印度索贿受贿严重,办事效率低,如果某个环节注意不到,就会影响退运手续的办理。

  印度进出口商中以小企业居多,如:家族公司、合伙公司等。其中不少是中间商,以收受代理费为主,贸易作法很不规范。例如:凭订单订货,而不是签订销售合同。不愿照章纳税,而是想尽办法偷逃关税。利用各种手段欺骗国外商家等屡见不鲜。印度法律可以算得上是健全,但是在印度打官司少则几年多则十几年才能结案。因此,在印度以司法手段解决贸易纠纷并非明智的选择。

 
   
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